American scientists: The \\\"five major directions\\\" of the future of agriculture(英中雙語)

The National Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Engineering and the School of Medicine jointly released the topic:

Science Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030 The research report describes five urgent research directions in the agricultural field in the eyes of American scientists:

美國國家科學院、工程院和醫(yī)學院聯合發(fā)布了題為：

Science Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030的研究報告，描述了美國科學家眼中農業(yè)領域亟待突破的五大研究方向：

1. The whole thinking and the system cognitive analysis technology is the first premise to realize the breakthrough of agricultural science and technology

1.整體思維和系統(tǒng)認知分析技術是實現農業(yè)科技突破的首要前提

The agricultural system is a complex giant system, and it is difficult to rely on the "point" of technological breakthroughs to achieve the overall improvement. The report recommends using interdisciplinary research and systems approaches as preferences for addressing major critical issues. System cognition is to explore the way to solve the problem from the element composition, interaction mechanism and coupling action of the system."Mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes and grasses are a community of life". The scientific breakthrough in the field ofagriculture must break through the single-element thinking, and think from the overall dimensions of resource utilization, operational efficiency, system flexibility and sustainability. China's agricultural ecological efficiency is not high, competitiveness is not strong, and ecological unsustainable problems are mainly in the use of land resources. Therefore, the scientific and technological breakthroughs in the agricultural field need to start from the management, restoration and promotion of land resources.

農業(yè)系統(tǒng)是復雜巨系統(tǒng)，已經很難再依靠“點”上的技術突破實現整體提升。報告建議將跨學科研究和系統(tǒng)方法作為解決重大關鍵問題的首選項。系統(tǒng)認知就是要從系統(tǒng)的要素構成、互作機理和耦合作用來探索問題解決的途徑。“山水林田湖草是一個生命共同體”，農業(yè)領域的科學突破必須突破單要素思維，從資源利用、運作效率、系統(tǒng)彈性和可持續(xù)性的整體維度進行思考。我國農業(yè)生態(tài)效率不高、競爭力不強、生態(tài)不可持續(xù)的問題主要是在土地資源的利用方式上。因此，農業(yè)領域的科技突破需要從土地資源的治理、修復、提升入手。

2. The new generation of sensor technology will become the underlying driving technology to promote progress in the agricultural field

2.新一代傳感器技術將成為推動農業(yè)領域進步的底層驅動技術

Quantity defines the world, and accurately determines the future. The United States takes the development and application of high-precision, accurate and field-deployed sensors and biosensors as the key to future technological breakthroughs. At present, sensor technology has been widely used in the agricultural field, but it mainly focuses on the measurement of a single feature such as temperature. If we want to understand the operation mechanism of the whole system at the same time, the key is to continuously monitor the linkage ability of multiple features.

量值定義世界，精準決定未來。美國將高精度、精準、可現場部署的傳感器以及生物傳感器的開發(fā)、應用作為未來技術突破的關鍵。當前傳感器技術已經廣泛應用在農業(yè)領域，但主要還集中在對單個特征如溫度的測量上，如果要同時了解整個系統(tǒng)運行的機理，連續(xù)監(jiān)測多個特征的聯動能力才是關鍵。

generation of sensor technology includes not only include the physical environment, biological traits monitoring and integration, including using material science and microelectronics, nano technology to create new nano and biological sensors, such as water molecules, pathogens, microorganisms across the soil, animals and plants, environment cycle movement process monitoring. The rapid detection, continuous monitoring and real-time feedback capabilities of the new generation of sensors will provide a data basis for the system cognition, and give human beings the abilityto "prevent and cure no diseases", that is, they can find and solve problems before diseases appear. If the possible risk problems can be accurately found and quantitatively identified in the utilization link of resource elements, and can be optimized and adjusted in real time, it will completely change the way of agricultural production and utilization in China. Therefore, the new generation of sensor technology will be the key technology that China must master.

值得注意的是，新一代傳感器技術不僅僅包括對物理環(huán)境、生物性狀的監(jiān)測和整合，更包括運用材料科學及微電子、納米技術創(chuàng)造的新型納米和生物傳感器，對諸如水分子、病原體、微生物在跨越土壤、動植物、環(huán)境時的循環(huán)運動過程進行監(jiān)控。新一代傳感器所具備的快速檢測、連續(xù)監(jiān)測、實時反饋能力，將為系統(tǒng)認知提供數據基礎，賦予人類“防治未病”的能力，即在出現病癥前就能發(fā)現問題、解決問題。如果能在資源要素的利用環(huán)節(jié)即可精準發(fā)現和定量識別可能出現的風險問題，并能夠實時進行優(yōu)化調整，將徹底改變我國農業(yè)生產利用方式。因此，新一代傳感器技術將是我國必須掌握的關鍵技術。

3. Data science and information technology are the strategic key technologies in the agricultural field

3.數據科學和信息技術是農業(yè)領域的戰(zhàn)略性關鍵技術

Advances in data science and analytical tools provide important breakthrough opportunities for improving research and knowledge application in agriculture. Despite the collection of food, agriculture, resources, and other data, effective tools to use extensive and existing data, knowledge and models, the report said. The development of big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain and other technologies provides the ability and advanced analysis methods to collect, analyze, store, share, and integrate heterogeneous data more quickly. In other words, data science and informationtechnology can greatly improve the ability to solve complex problems, apply a large number of research results in agriculture, resources and other related fields to production practice, automatically integrate data and conduct real-time modeling under dynamic changes, and promote the formation of data-driven intelligent control.

數據科學和分析工具的進步為提升農業(yè)領域研究和知識應用提供了重要的突破機遇。報告稱，盡管收集了大量糧食、農業(yè)、資源等各類數據，但由于實驗室研究和生產實踐中的數據一直處于彼此脫節(jié)的狀態(tài)，缺乏有效的工具來廣泛使用已有的數據、知識和模型。大數據、人工智能、機器學習、區(qū)塊鏈等技術的發(fā)展，提供了更快速地收集、分析、存儲、共享和集成異構數據的能力和高級分析方法。換句話說，數據科學和信息技術能夠極大地提高對復雜問題的解決能力，將農業(yè)、資源等相關領域的大量研究成果應用在生產實踐中，在動態(tài)變化條件下自動整合數據并進行實時建模，促進形成數據驅動的智慧管控。

4. Breakthrough genomics and precision breeding techniques should be encouraged and adopted

4.突破性的基因組學和精準育種技術應當鼓勵并采用

With the advent of gene editing techniques, targeted genetic improvement can improve plants and animals in ways that are be possible by traditional methods. By incorporating genomic information, advanced breeding techniques and precision breeding methods into conventional breeding and selection programs, biological traits with important effects on agricultural productivity and agricultural quality can be improved precisely and rapidly. This ability opens the door to technologies such as developing new crops and soil microorganisms, developing resistant plants

隨著基因編輯技術的出現，有針對性的遺傳改良可以以傳統(tǒng)方法無法實現的方式對植物和動物進行改良。通過將基因組信息、先進育種技術和精確育種方法納入常規(guī)育種和選擇計劃，可以精確、快速地改善對農業(yè)生產力和農產品質量有重要影響的生物性狀。這種能力為培育新作物和土壤微生物、開發(fā)抗病動植物、控制生物對壓力的反應，以及挖掘有用基因的生物多樣性等打開了技術大門。應當鼓勵并采用其中一些突破性技術，提高農業(yè)生產力、抗病抗旱能力以及農產品的營養(yǎng)價值。

5. Microbiome technology is essential to cognition and understanding of agricultural system operation

5.微生物組技術對認知和理解農業(yè)系統(tǒng)運行至關重要

Through a large number of studies reported in recent years, we know the importance of human microbes to physical health, but we do not understand the microbiome of soil, plants and animals and their effects in agriculture. With the use of more and more complex tools to detect the agricultural microbiome, the United States is expected to achieve breakthrough in the next decade, establish its agricultural microbial database, better understand the molecular level interaction between soil, plant and animal microbiome, and by improving soil structure, improve theefficiency of feed and nutrient utilization and improve the resistance to the environment and disease to enhance agricultural productivity and flexibility, and even change agriculture. Among them, characterization of interactions between soil and plant microbiome is crucial. The soil microbiome is closely linked to the cycle of carbon, nitrogen and many other elements in climate change, and affects key global ecosystem service functions through some processes that have not yet been recognized by humans. Increasing the understanding of theessential microbial components and reinforcing their role in the nutrient cycle is essential to ensure a sustainable global agricultural production.

通過近年來大量的研究報道，我們知道了人體微生物對身體健康的重要性，相比而言我們對農業(yè)中土壤、植物和動物的微生物組及其影響還不夠了解。隨著利用越來越復雜的工具探測農業(yè)微生物組，美國有望在未來十年實現突破性進展，建立其農業(yè)微生物數據庫，更好地理解分子水平土壤、植物和動物微生物組之間的相互作用，并通過改善土壤結構、提高飼料效率和養(yǎng)分利用率以及提高對環(huán)境和疾病的抵抗力等增強農業(yè)生產力和彈性，甚至徹底改變農業(yè)。其中，土壤和植物微生物組之間的相互作用表征至關重要。土壤微生物組與氣候變化中的碳、氮和諸多其他要素的循環(huán)息息相關，并通過一些尚未被人類認知的過程影響著全球關鍵生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能。加深對基本微生物組成部分的理解以及強化它們在養(yǎng)分循環(huán)中的作用對確保全球可持續(xù)農業(yè)生產至關重要。

daa science, gene editing, and microbiome. This is also the key core technology that our country's agricultural field must work hard and indispensable future. At the same time, based on China's national conditions of poor thin and quality resources, Chinese scientists also need to make breakthroughs in several important fields that subvert the present, lead the future, and create The Times, in the landscape, forests, farmland, lakes and grass life community, and the modern engineering technology problems of land resources security and control.

未來十年，美國將圍繞系統(tǒng)認知分析、精準動態(tài)感知、數據科學、基因編輯、微生物組五大關鍵技術尋求農業(yè)領域的科技突破。這同樣是未來我國農業(yè)領域必須努力、不可或缺的關鍵核心技術。同時，立足我國地薄質劣的資源國情，我國科學家還需要在幾個顛覆現在、引領未來、開創(chuàng)時代的重要領域，在山水林田湖草生命共同體重大科學問題、土地資源安全與管控現代工程技術難題上取得突破。

core technologies, such as big data of cultivated land quality, health diagnosis technology, ecological farmland construction technology, soil biodiversity protection and cultivated land conservation technology, evolution simulation technology of cultivated land system; restoration and treatment of some key areas, such as overall protection of black land, restoration of Yellow River basin system, comprehensive management of saline-alkali sandy land; in the major needs of national development, such as global change and low-carbon tillage system, and intelligent monitoring of cultivated land resources.

聚焦精準調查、精細感知、精明治理的科學技術體系，在一些關鍵核心技術上取得突破進展，比如耕地質量大數據、耕地健康診斷技術、生態(tài)良田構建技術、土壤生物多樣性保護和耕地養(yǎng)護技術、耕地系統(tǒng)演化模擬仿真技術；對一些重點區(qū)域進行修復治理，比如黑土地整體保護、黃河流域系統(tǒng)修復、鹽堿地沙土地綜合治理；在國家發(fā)展的重大需求方面全力以赴，比如全球變化與低碳耕作制度研究、耕地資源智慧監(jiān)測等。

innovation map. It is necessary to plan a roadmap for future technological development, clarify the main direction of innovation, and determine that cultivated land resources are an indispensable link. Agricultural innovation is the focus of improving competitiveness. If China's agriculture needs to be able to support the demand of 1.4 billion Chinese people for agriculture, it still needs to have the advantage in innovation. American scientists' the "five directions" of agriculture may inspire us. Just this, then I mean.

新一輪科技革命和產業(yè)正在重構全球創(chuàng)新版圖，需要規(guī)劃好未來技術發(fā)展的路線圖，明確創(chuàng)新主攻方向，確定耕地資源是不可或缺的一環(huán)。農業(yè)創(chuàng)新是提高競爭力的著力點，我國農業(yè)要能支撐14億國人對農業(yè)的需求，仍然要在創(chuàng)新中占得先機。美國科學家對未來農業(yè)的“五大方向”的判斷，也許會對我們有所啟發(fā)。唯如斯，則我意達矣。